PARENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON LIFE HISTORY IN THE HERBACEOUS PLANT CAMPANULA AMERICANA

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Environmental maternal effects on seed morphology and germination in Sinapis arvensis (Cruciferae) (2006, unknown): “…slight changes in germination response due to maternal environmental effects, as the changes in timing of germination detected in this experiment, may affect the development and fitness of the following generation (Platenkamp & Shaw, 1993; Schmid & Dolt, 1994; Galloway, 2001a; Donohue, 2002 ).”
Seeds and seasons: interpreting germination timing in the field (2005, background): “Seasonal habitat choice through germination phenology can determine whether a plant will express a winter or spring annual life history (Effmertova, 1967; Evans and Ratcliffe, 1972; NappZinn, 1976; Ratcliffe, 1976; Nordborg and Bergelson, 1999), or even a biennial habit (Galloway, 2001, 2002).”
Germination, Postgermination Adaptation, and Species Ecological Ranges (2010, background): “In Campanula(strum) americanum, seeds that germinate in autumn flower the following spring, whereas seeds that germinate in spring do not flower until the following spring (Galloway 2001, 2002) because they do not receive a winter vernalization period to stimulate flowering that first year.”