3D-imaging of selective laser melting defects in a Co–Cr–Mo alloy by synchrotron radiation micro-CT

By Xingyu Zhou, Dianzheng Wang, Xihe Liu, Dandan Zhang, S. Qu, Jing Ma, G. London, Zhijian Shen, Wei Liu. 2015

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Analyzing the effects of powder and post-processing on porosity and properties of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V (2017, background): “Lack of fusion, as the name suggests, is the result of incomplete welding of layers or adjacent melt pools, resulting in an irregular morphology [3,12].”
Experimental analysis of spatter generation and melt-pool behavior during the powder bed laser beam melting process (2018, background): “…the local laser/melt-pool/powder bed interaction is mostly unstable, due the high laser power densities involved or to balling phenomena evidenced at low energy density and investigated in detail by Gu and Shen (2009) and Zhou et al. (2015) respectively on stainless steel or tungsten powders.”
Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing: Physics of complex melt flow and formation mechanisms of pores, spatter, and denudation zones (2015, background): “These trapped particles also are defects that increase surface roughness and “deteriorate the wetting behavior of the next layer and act as the origin of continued layer instability” according to [37].”