Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem
By Marion Koopmans, E. Duizer. Journal of food microbiology, 2003
760 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Several groups of viruses may infect persons after ingestion and then are shed via stool. Of these, the norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are currently recognised as the most important human foodborne pathogens with regard to the number of outbreaks and people affected in the Western world. NoV and HAV are highly infectious and may lead to widespread outbreaks. The clinical manifestation of NoV infection, however, is relatively mild. Asymptomatic infections are common and may contribute to the spread of the infection. Introduction of NoV in a community or population (a seeding event) may be followed by additional spread because of the highly infectious nature of NoV, resulting in a great number of secondary infections (50% of contacts). Hepatitis A is an increasing problem because of the decrease in immunity of populations in countries with high standards of hygiene. Molecular-based methods can detect viruses in shellfish but are not yet available for other foods. The applicability of the methods currently available for monitoring foods for viral contamination is unknown. No consistent correlation has been found between the presence of indicator microorganisms (i.e. bacteriophages, E. coli) and viruses. NoV and HAV are highly infectious and exhibit variable levels of resistance to heat and disinfection agents. However, they are both inactivated at 100 °C. No validated model virus or model system is available for studies of inactivation of NoV, although investigations could make use of structurally similar viruses (i.e. canine and feline caliciviruses). In the absence of a model virus or model system, food safety guidelines need to be based on studies that have been performed with the most resistant enteric RNA viruses (i.e. HAV, for which a model system does exist) and also with bacteriophages (for water). Most documented foodborne viral outbreaks can be traced to food that has been manually handled by an infected foodhandler, rather than to industrially processed foods. The viral contamination of food can occur anywhere in the process from farm to fork, but most foodborne viral infections can be traced back to infected persons who handle food that is not heated or otherwise treated afterwards. Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. If viruses are present in food preprocessing, residual viral infectivity may be present after some industrial processes. Therefore, it is key that sufficient attention be given to good agriculture practice (GAP) and good manufacturing practice (GMP) to avoid introduction of viruses onto the raw material and into the food-manufacturing environment, and to HACCP to assure adequate management of (control over) viruses present during the manufacturing process. If viruses are present in foods after processing, they remain infectious in most circumstances and in most foods for several days or weeks, especially if kept cooled (at 4 °C). Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. For the control of foodborne viral infections, it is necessary to:• Heighten awareness about the presence and spread of these viruses by foodhandlers;• Optimise and standardise methods for the detection of foodborne viruses;• Develop laboratory-based surveillance to detect large, common-source outbreaks at an early stage; and• Emphasise consideration of viruses in setting up food safety quality control and management systems (GHP, GMP, HACCP).
Subfields: Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science, Infectious Diseases
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d64ecea8a6df36292311fe22152b341ccf753162
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Citations in the corpus
- Significance of Fomites in the Spread of Respiratory and Enteric Viral Disease (2007, background): “Adenovirus Survived shorter periods in presence of feces and at lower humidity (1, 42, 46, 61) Not found Intranasal, 150 TCID50; oral, 1,000 TCID50 (capsule form of serotypes 4 and 7) (54) Widely accepted, contaminated surfaces (1)”
- Main Groups of Microorganisms of Relevance for Food Safety and Stability (2017, neutral): “According to the type of illness that they produce, viruses can be classified into three groups (Koopmans & Duizer, 2004): Viruses that causes gastroenteritis Enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses Viruses that cause illness after they migrate to other organs, such as the central nervous system…”
- Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food (2011, background): “Transmission of viruses associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve shellfish, particularly, oysters which are eaten uncooked, is regularly reported (Koopmans and Duizer 2004; Widdowson et al. 2005).”
- Food-borne diseases — The challenges of 20 years ago still persist while new ones continue to emerge (2010, background): “Noroviruses and hepatitis A food-borne illnesses have most frequently been documented, but several other viruses have also been identified as food-borne (Table 1) (Mead et al., 1999; Koopmans and Duizer, 2004).”