The color of money.

By Tinker Ready. 2003

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Stable and Fair Classification (2019, background): “, against African-Americans while predicting future criminals [31, 5, 8], granting loans [22], or NYPD stop-and-frisk [35].”
RFID security and privacy: a research survey (2006, background): “• Euro banknotes: As early as 2001 [85], the media reported plans by the European Central Bank to embed RFID tags in banknotes as an anti-counterfeiting measure.”
Squealing Euros: Privacy Protection in RFID-Enabled Banknotes (2003, background): “Even before the introduction of the Euro, concern arose that the 500 Euro banknote might emerge as a magnet for international crime [31].”
Classification with Fairness Constraints: A Meta-Algorithm with Provable Guarantees (2018, background): “, against black people while predicting future criminals [27, 5, 7], granting loans [19] or NYPD stop-and-frisk [30], and against women while recommending jobs [18].”
Discrimination in the Credit and Housing Markets: Findings and Challenges (2006, methodology): “The well-known Atlanta study (Dedman (1988)) divided tracts into five tiers based on median income, and three distinct tiers based on minority population. A subsequent study of Los Angeles (Dymski and Veitch (1994)) divided that city’s census tracts into quintiles based on median income and on minor”