A trade-off between two resource-demanding functions: post-nuptial moult and immunity during reproduction in male pied flycatchers

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Tree swallows trade off immune function and reproductive effort differently across their range (2005, background): “…between the prospects of offspring and parent, and a trade-off between current and future reproduction (Apanius 1998, Norris and Evans 2000, Ardia et al. 2003), as well as reflecting trade-offs among competing life history demands such as molt and incubation (Hanssen et al. 2003, Sanz et al. 2004).”
Increase in the constitutive innate humoral immune system in Leach's Storm‐Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) chicks is negatively correlated with growth rate (2005, background): “For example, experimentally elicited immune responses have been shown to decrease avian nestling growth (Fair, Hansen & Ricklefs 1999; Alonso-Alvarez & Tella 2001; Whitaker & Fair 2002; Nilsson 2003; Soler et al . 2003; Brommer 2004a), degrade adult body condition (Alonso-Alvarez & Tella 2001; Sanz”
Blood parameters as indicators of physiological condition and skeletal development in great tits (Parus major): natural variation and application in the reproductive ecology of birds (2007, methodology): “Also, brood size is generally much higher during the first breeding attempt (Mägi and Mänd, 2004), and previous studies have shown that the H/L ratio in birds is positively related to measures of reproductive effort (Ots and Hõrak, 1996; Moreno et al., 2002; Sanz et al., 2004).”