Testing the Double Standard for Candidate Emotionality: Voter Reactions to the Tears and Anger of Male and Female Politicians

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The Effects of Counterstereotypic Gender Strategies on Candidate Evaluations (2017, background): “On the other hand, Democratic stereotypes align with feminine stereotypes, and this congruence may benefit feminine Democratic female candidates. Masculine stereotypes, however, have a more expansive effect in that they improve evaluations of both Democratic and Republican female candidates. A usefu”
“You Tweet Like a Girl!” (2016, result): “…to gender norms or stereotypes (Kahn, 1996; Trent & Friedenberg, 2008), we find—consistent with some of the more recent literature (see, for example, Brooks, 2011)— that female congressional candidates consistently posted more attack-style, negative tweets, engaging in counter-stereotypical…”
What Have We Learned about Gender from Candidate Choice Experiments? A Meta-Analysis of Sixty-Seven Factorial Survey Experiments (2021, background): “In addition, respondents react negatively to women who show emotions like anger (Brescoll and Uhlmann 2008; Brooks 2011).”