Experimental Exposures of Boreal Toads (Bufo boreas) to a Pathogenic Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)

By C. Carey, J. Bruzgul, Lauren J. Livo, Margie L. Walling, K. Kuehl, Brenner Dixon, A. Pessier, R. Alford, Kevin B. Rogers. EcoHealth, 2006

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Spread of Chytridiomycosis Has Caused the Rapid Global Decline and Extinction of Frogs (2007, background): “…that it is highly pathogenic and virulent in individuals of declining species; experimental work shows that pure cultures isolated from sick and dying frogs cause fatal disease in otherwise healthy frogs (Lamirande and Nichols, 2002; Woodhams et al., 2003; Berger et al., 2004; Carey et al., 2006).”
Resistance to chytridiomycosis varies among amphibian species and is correlated with skin peptide defenses (2007, background): “There may be a species-specific threshold of infection intensity that leads to mortality and thus determines the length of time survived after exposure to B. dendrobatidis (Carey et al., 2006).”
Chytridiomycosis Widespread in Anurans of Northeastern United States (2007, background): “Several explanations are possible for the lack of observed declines in anuran populations despite significant rates of infection by a fungus that can be lethal (Berger et al. 1998, Nichols et al. 2001, Carey et al. 2006).”
Global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and amphibian chytridiomycosis in space, time, and host. (2009, background): “, ranavirus (27)], yet experiments have shown repeatedly that Bd is the primary cause of death in numerous amphibian hosts (4, 13, 18, 22, 30, 38, 39, 41, 85, 92, 96).”