Low nutrient intake and early growth for later insulin resistance in adolescents born preterm.

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Ten Putative Contributors to the Obesity Epidemic (2009, positive): “Indeed, studies that have manipulated the composition of formula feeds have shown protective effects of slower growth against cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence ( Singhal et al, 2003 ; Singhal et al, 2004 ) and of low-protein formula against infancy weight gain.”
Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES (2007, background): “Singhal et al (152) assessed 32-33 split proinsulin concentration – a marker of insulin resistance – among subjects aged 13-16 years who were born pre-term and randomized to receive a nutrient-enriched or lower-nutrient diet.”
Fetal Origins of Adult Disease (2011, positive): “With the introduction of preterm formula, which is higher in calories and protein compared with term formula or breast milk, as an intervention in a preterm population, data revealed that males had higher verbal IQs and larger caudate volumes; however, both sexes demonstrated increased insulin resis”