The nanogranular nature of shale

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Calculating the effective permeability of sandstone with multiscale lattice Boltzmann/finite element simulations (2006, background): “Recent advances in high resolution 3D imaging offer unparalleled opportunities for predicting macroscopic properties of earth materials from microstructural measurements [2, 4, 14, 15, 24, 29].”
Application of nanoindentation technology in rocks: a review (2020, methodology): “In 2006, Ulm and Abousleiman (2006) first utilized the grid nanoindentation method to examine highly heterogeneous shale samples, followed by other researchers who adopted grid indentation to extract the mechanical properties of various geomaterials such as rocks, soils and sand (Li et al. 2018,…”
The effect of the nanogranular nature of shale on their poroelastic behavior (2007, methodology): “Nanoindentation results of the porous clay phase at different scales confirm just this [13, 75 ], showing that the intrinsic anisotropy of the clay fabric scales with the clay packing density from the percolation threshold (where there is obviously no anisotropy) to an asymptotic state showing the ”