The complexity of deformed amphibians

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EFFECTS OF AN HERBICIDE AND AN INSECTICIDE ON POND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES (2005, background): “For instance, pesticides can reduce amphibian immunocompetence increasing the risk of trematode infections that cause malformations and mortality associated with amphibian population declines (Kiesecker 2002, Blaustein and Johnson 2003).”
Parasites in the food web: linking amphibian malformations and aquatic eutrophication (2004, background): “…their (1) severity, often involving frogs with missing, extra, or misshapen limbs, (2) frequency, sometimes affecting >50% of the amphibians in a wetland and (3) wide distribution, involving more than 60 species from 46 states in the USA and parts of Canada (reviewed by Blaustein & Johnson 2003).”
Interspecific Variation in Susceptibility of Frog Tadpoles to the Pathogenic Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (2005, background): “Cofactors are implicated in the emergence and transmission of various pathogens infecting amphibians (e.g., Kiesecker & Blaustein 1995; Cunningham et al. 1996; Taylor et al. 1999; Kiesecker et al. 2001; Blaustein & Johnson 2003), including Batrachochytrium (Bosch et al. 2001; Pounds 2001).”
Effects of environmental change on helminth infections in amphibians: exploring the emergence of Ribeiroia and Echinostoma infections in North America. (2009, unknown): “11.1a ; Blaustein and Johnson 2003) .”