On the general BER expression of one- and two-dimensional amplitude modulations

By Kyongkuk Cho, D. Yoon. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2002

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On the Performance of the MIMO Zero-Forcing Receiver in the Presence of Channel Estimation Error (2007, methodology): “If only the dominant terms (i = 0, 1) in (20) are considered [10], we obtain”
Performance Analysis of ZF and MMSE Equalizers for MIMO Systems: An In-Depth Study of the High SNR Regime (2011, methodology): “Calculatingtheerrorprobabilitiesofageneralquadratureamplitude modulation (QAM) is straightforward using the error probability expression in Q-function [ 26 ].”
Bayes-Optimal Joint Channel-and-Data Estimation for Massive MIMO With Low-Precision ADCs (2015, background): “Thus, if the data symbol is drawn from other square QAM constellations, the corresponding BER can be easily obtained by the closed-form BER expression in [42].”
Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG)-Based Energy Harvesting Wireless Communications (2019, background): “where erfc(·) represents complementary error function, N0 is the noise power, (ζt/N0) stands for the instantaneous channelto-noise ratio, α(m, r) and β(m, r) are two parameters related to the modulation m, which are shown in Table I [28], and r represents the specific constants determined by modulat”