Preparation of Polycrystalline TiO2 Photocatalysts Impregnated with Various Transition Metal Ions: Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol

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(Photo)electrochemical Methods for the Determination of the Band Edge Positions of TiO2-Based Nanomaterials (2011, background): “transition metals [86–88] or main-group elements like carbon [35, 89], nitrogen [31, 90–97], and sulfur [98, 99] are introduced into the lattice of titania resulting in formation of intrabandgap donor and acceptor levels, allowing thus for visible light (λ > 400 nm) excitation.”
A facile one-step synthesis of TiO2/graphene composites for photodegradation of methyl orange (2011, methodology): “To date, many synthesis methods have been developed in an attempt to improve the photocatalytic activity of powdered TiO2 catalysts, including noble metal deposition, ion doping [4–7], and adding a co-adsorbent to TiO2 [8–12].”
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Recent Advances and Applications (2013, background): “Whereas the presence of metal dopants was found in some cases to enhance charge separation as well as interfacial charge transfer [58,59] in many other cases, the metal dopants actually resulted in rapid charge recombination through their switchable redox states, for example, Fe ↔ Fe and thereby red”