The Role of Personality in Understanding Religious and Spiritual Constructs.

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Positive emotions as leading to religion and spirituality (2008, background): “Spirituality, but not traditional religiousness, is systematically related to openness to experience (Piedmont, 2005; Saroglou, 2002b; Saucier & Skrzypińska, 2006).”
Religion and Spirituality in Adolescent Development (2009, background): “The research on such conjectures suffers from methodological weaknesses however, such as the relative lack of ability of researchers to accurately measure unconscious “ God images ” (Piedmont, 2005 ).”
The Religious Schema Scale: Construction and Initial Validation of a Quantitative Measure for Religious Styles (2010, background): “…to experience is the personality dimension that correlates most significantly with religious fundamentalism and with measures of an open, mature religiosity (Saroglou, 2002) or spiritual openness (Csarny, Piedmont, Sneck, & Cheston, 2000; Piedmont, 2005; cf. also our correlations in Table 4).”
Gods or rituals? Relational faith, spiritual discontent, and religious practices as predictors of hope and optimism (2008, background): “First, religiosity dimensions will correlate significantly with personality, hope, optimism, and pessimism (Dember, 2002; Mattis et al., 2004; Piedmont, 2005).”
Spirituality with and without Religion—Differential Relationships with Personality (2012, background): “Francis (1992) and Piedmont (2005) present reviews of relevant studies.”