The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries All Over the World: First Results Over the Period 1999 to 2003

By Friedrich Schneider. Social Science Research Network, 2004

229 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Using the DYMIMIC approach, estimates of the shadow economy in 145 developing, transition, developed OECD countries, South Pacific islands and still communist countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 2002/2003 in developing countries is 39.1%, in transition countries 40.1%, in OECD countries 16.3%, South Pacific islands 33.4% and 4 remaining Communist countries 21.8%. An increasing burden of taxation, high unemployment and low official GDP growth are the driving forces of the shadow economy.

Subfields: Accounting, Economics and Econometrics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d1faafefcd85d696aba99989f73fb166a6c699fe

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Accounting

1. Nina Torm
2. T. Porcano
3. Leanne Roncolato
4. David Kučera
5. Norman V. Loayza
6. Gordon Richardson
7. R. Macdermott
8. L. Serven

In Economics and Econometrics

1. L. Serven
2. Nina Torm
3. Norman V. Loayza
4. T. Porcano
5. Leanne Roncolato
6. David Kučera
7. Gordon Richardson
8. R. Macdermott

Citations in the corpus

• About this journal. (2012, background): “However, Schneider and Enste (2000) and Loayaza (1996) observe a negative relationship among them.”
• The relationship between culture and tax evasion across countries: Additional evidence and extensions (2008, background): “…uses a specific proxy measure of tax evasion based on country survey ratings of individuals’ perceptions about the under-reporting of income, which is often referred to in the literature as the “shadow economy” (see e.g., Frey & Weck, 1983; Schneider, 2004; Slemrod, 2007), as the primary measure.”
• Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean (2009, background): “[16] Schneider, Friedrich, “The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003,” IZA DP No.”
• The relation between national cultural dimensions and tax evasion (2007, background): “It is taken from Schneider (2004).”
• Informal employment: Two contested policy issues (2008, background): “Note also that Loayza, Oviedo and Servén (2006) estimate the effects of labour and other regulations on the size of the informal economy (rather than informal employment) across countries, using estimates of the “shadow economy” constructed by Schneider (2004).”
• The impact of regulation on growth and informality - cross-country evidence (2005, unknown): “[16] Schneider, Friedrich, “The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003,” IZA DP No.”
• The Benefits of Formalization: Evidence from Vietnamese Manufacturing SMEs (2012, background): “Schneider and Enste (2000) and Schneider (2004) provide compre-”