Do herbivores cause habitat degradation or vegetation state transition? Evidence from the tundra

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Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer (2018, background): “…of 606 graminoids rather than lichens may not be detrimental to Rangifer populations 607 (Heggberget et al. 2002; van der Wal 2006), with van der Wal (2006) proposing that from 608 the caribou perspective the disappearance of lichens does not necessarily constitute 609 habitat destruction.”
Long- and short-term effects of reindeer grazing on tundra wetland vegetation (2009, background): “It is a value judgment whether one habitat is better than another (van der Wal 2006).”
The effects of reindeer grazing on the composition and species richness of vegetation in forest–tundra ecotone (2008, background): “There is evidence that reindeer grazing may increase the abundance of graminoids (Olofsson et al. 2001; van der Wal and Brooker 2004; Olofsson 2006a) and thus increase the productivity of vegetation ( van der Wal 2006 ).”
Large scale experimental effects of three levels of sheep densities on an alpine ecosystem (2008, background): “P2 Graminoids � High resprouting ability and efficient use of mineralized nutrients Intermediate Olofsson et al. 2001, Stark et al. 2002, Van Der Wal 2006”