The arterial Windkessel

By N. Westerhof, J. Lankhaar, B. Westerhof. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 2009

1,203 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Frank’s Windkessel model described the hemodynamics of the arterial system in terms of resistance and compliance. It explained aortic pressure decay in diastole, but fell short in systole. Therefore characteristic impedance was introduced as a third element of the Windkessel model. Characteristic impedance links the lumped Windkessel to transmission phenomena (e.g., wave travel). Windkessels are used as hydraulic load for isolated hearts and in studies of the entire circulation. Furthermore, they are used to estimate total arterial compliance from pressure and flow; several of these methods are reviewed. Windkessels describe the general features of the input impedance, with physiologically interpretable parameters. Since it is a lumped model it is not suitable for the assessment of spatially distributed phenomena and aspects of wave travel, but it is a simple and fairly accurate approximation of ventricular afterload.

Subfields: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Surgery

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d183654a71f4a77ad983f16a97615b31e59f707b

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine

1. N. Stergiopulos
2. Frans N. van de Vosse
3. Lawrence M. Murray
4. I. Wilkinson
5. Paris Perdikaris
6. J. Cockcroft
7. Yibo Yang
8. Yang Liu

In Surgery

1. N. Stergiopulos
2. Frans N. van de Vosse
3. Lawrence M. Murray
4. Paris Perdikaris
5. Yibo Yang

Citations in the corpus

• The use of photoplethysmography for assessing hypertension (2019, neutral): “The Windkessel model describes the arterial blood flow as an electric circuit that contains two elements: resistance and capacity.(59) Choudhury et al.”
• Pulse Wave Propagation in the Arterial Tree (2011, methodology): “This terminal impedance can be modeled using a three-element windkessel model (Stergiopulos et al. 1992, Westerhof et al. 2009), consisting of a resistance Rc in series with a parallel combination of a capacitor Ct and another resistance Rp.”
• Continuous Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Using Pulse Transit Time and Photoplethysmogram Intensity Ratio (2016, methodology): “Two-element Windkessel model, originally proposed by Frank, consists of peripheral resistance R and arterial compliance C [39], as shown in Fig.”
• Central blood pressure: current evidence and clinical importance. (2014, methodology): “though this model is useful for explaining haemodynamic mechanisms during diastole, it predicts the relationship between pressure and flow in systole relatively poorly, and any influence of wave propagation and reflection is effectively ignored.(16) The addition of aortic characteristic impedance (t”
• Bayesian State-Space Modelling on High-Performance Hardware Using LibBi (2013, methodology): “Windkessel model A windkessel model can be used to relate blood pressure and blood flow in the human arterial system (Westerhof et al. 2009).”
• Machine learning in cardiovascular flows modeling: Predicting pulse wave propagation from non-invasive clinical measurements using physics-informed deep learning (2019, methodology): “For instance, such models require the precise subscription of boundary conditions that e ff ectively capture the downstream flow dynamics in small arteries and arterioles via the use of Windkessel or structured tree models [55, 18, 28, 32].”
• An immersogeometric variational framework for fluid–structure interaction: application to bioprosthetic heart valves (2014, neutral): “In the analysis of closed hydraulic systems (such as the cardiovascular system), it is common to consider analogous electrical circuits [163].”