Is There Really Granger Causality between Energy Use and Output?

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A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: synthesizing the insights (2020, background): “For example, Bruns et al (2013) suggest there is a prevalence of model misspecification and publication bias.11 Other scholars criticize the ‘speculative and exploratory’ nature of the Granger causality debate (Beaudreau 2010) and that the same methodological approaches continue to be applied…”
Energy and Economic Growth: The Stylized Facts (2014, background): “Bruns et al. (2014) carry out a meta-analysis of this literature ﬁnding few robust results with the exception that income causes energy use when energy prices are controlled for.”
Global Energy Use: Decoupling or Convergence? (2015, background): “Bruns et al. (2014) show that the only robust result in the very large literature on causality between energy and economic output is that GDP causes energy use (when energy prices are controlled for).”