UNPALATABLE PLANTS PROTECT NEIGHBORS FROM GRAZING AND INCREASE PLANT COMMUNITY DIVERSITY

By R. Callaway, D. Kikodze, Marina Chiboshvili, L. Khetsuriani. 2005

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Tree effects on grass growth in savannas: competition, facilitation and the stress‐gradient hypothesis (2013, background): “…and biotic variables that can drastically alter the net outcome of competitive and facilitative interactions, including grazing intensity (Callaway et al. 2005), species-specific interactions (Frost & McDougald 1989; Callaway 2007), rainfall seasonality (Kikvidze et al. 2006) and tree…”
Inclusion of biotic stress (consumer pressure) alters predictions from the stress gradient hypothesis (2009, background): “…avoidance, associational defence or defence guild – while in the absence of consumers the net outcome of this interaction is predominantly negative (Atstatt & Odowd 1976; Hay 1986; Rousset & Lepart 1999, 2000; Bakker et al. 2004; Callaway et al. 2005; Smit, den Ouden & Muller-Scharer 2006).”
Associational Resistance and Associational Susceptibility: Having Right or Wrong Neighbors (2009, background): “Relatively unprotected and palatable focal plants are likely to enhance their fitness by associating with less palatable neighboring plants (Baraza et al. 2006, Callaway et al. 2005).”