New directions for zoo animal welfare science

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Monitoring the Behavior and Habitat Use of Animals to Enhance Welfare using the ZooMonitor App (2019, result): “…systematic welfare assessment in zoos and aquariums have highlighted the importance of including “animal-based” output measures, in contrast to “resource-based” approaches that have focused predominately on what the animals are provided (Brando & Buchanan-Smith, 2018; Whitham & Wielebnowski, 2013).”
To pace or not to pace? A review of what abnormal repetitive behavior tells us about zoo animal management (2017, background): “Greater consideration for measurement of species-specific and individual welfare in big cats is needed because of large variation in body size and ecology (Whitham and Wielebnowski, 2013) that may make general welfare metrics less relevant to all taxa.”
Animal welfare with and without consciousness (2017, background): “…feel pain (Dawkins, 1990; Broom & Johnson, 1993; Broom, 1998; Wemelsfelder, 2001; Bateson, 2004a,b; Fraser, 2008) and more recently with their capacity to experience pleasure and more positive emotions (Boissy et al., 2007; Mendl, Burman & Paul, 2010; Whiteham & Wielbrowski, 2013; Mellor, 2015).”