Effects of early unilateral blur on the macaque's visual system. I. Behavioral observations

By Lynne Kiorpes, R. Boothe, A. Hendrickson, J. Anthony Movshon, H. Eggers, M. Gizzi. 1987

We raised 8 macaque monkeys with chronic atropinization of one eye throughout the first 6–10 months after birth. This rearing procedure produces retinal image blur, with the most pronounced contrast attenuation occurring at high spatial frequencies. Measurements of contrast sensitivity were made using behavioral methods in 6 monkeys and evoked potential methods in 2 monkeys. The results showed that this rearing procedure produced long-term deficits in the contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution of the atropinized eye, which were not due to residual losses in accommodative capacity. There was considerable interanimal variation in the magnitude of the effects on visual performance. Similar losses in visual performance are seen in some forms of human amblyopia. Rearing monkeys with chronic instillation of atropine therefore provides a nonhuman primate model for studying the underlying neural mechanisms of anisometropic amblyopia.

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Critical Learning Periods in Deep Neural Networks (2017, background): “While excellent correlations between anatomy, physiology and behavior are generally observed (7, 16, 28, 29), direct comparisons with the ANN’s performance in the image classification task are less warranted in this case.”