Freeze/thaw protection of concrete with optimum rubber crumb content

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A comprehensive review on the mechanical properties of waste tire rubber concrete (2020, unknown): “…ion permeability [36,54,59], (xvii) carbonation [16,59] (xviii) shrinkage [48,60,61] and expansion [48], (xix) freeze thaw resistance [18,19,62], (xx) acid/sulfate attack [16,63], (xxi) effect of sea water [64], (xxii) corrosion performance [65], (xxiii) thermal conductivity [28,64] and…”
Optimisation of rubberised concrete with high rubber content: An experimental investigation (2016, methodology): “Due to the relatively low density of rubber compared to mineral aggregates nd cement , RuC cylinders with inadequate mix proportioning, consolidation or handling can exhibit a high concentration of rubber at the top upon vibration [20, 21].”
Crumb rubber used in concrete to provide freeze–thaw protection (optimal particle size) (2016, background): “…B 0.5 mm 104.9% Batch C 0.5 - 1 mm 103.8% Batch D 1 - 1.5 mm 103.3% Batch E 1.5 - 2 mm 105.2% Batch F 2 - 2.5 mm 105.0% Table 4 – Durability factor Richardson et al (2012) discovered that concrete continued curing during the testing programme (ASTM 666 – 300 cycles) when concrete was…”
Acoustic properties of concrete panels with crumb rubber as a fine aggregate replacement (2014, methodology): “This is most likely due to the reduced ‘flowability’ of the larger particles which has been seen in previous work [30-33] which recommend using a higher w/c ratio for greater volumes of rubber in the mix.”