Biodegradation of polyurethane: a review

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Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. (2008, background): “Some materials considered as recalcitrant polymers (e.g. polyurethane, polyvinylchloride and polyamide) are nevertheless subject to microbial biodeterioration (Shimao, 2001; Howard, 2002; Szostak-Kotowa, 2004; Shah et al., 2008).”
Review on the current status of polymer degradation: a microbial approach (2017, background): “Curvularia senegalensis showed more degrading activity as compared to others (Howard 2002).”
Microbial Population Associated With Plastic Degradation (2012, background): “This polymer is made up of a series of urethane linkages [15,16].”
Biodegradability and ecotoxicity of polyurethane foams: A review (2020, background): “Biodegradation of non-foamed PU has been largely studied and relevant reviews have been provided elsewhere (Cregut et al., 2013; Howard, 2002, 2012; Nakajima-Kambe et al., 1999).”
Communities of Microbial Enzymes Associated with Biodegradation of Plastics (2013, background): “This polymer is made up of a series of urethane linkages [19, 40].”
Microbial enzymes for the recycling of recalcitrant petroleum‐based plastics: how far are we? (2017, background): “Esterases and proteases also hydrolyse the ester bonds in polyester PUR as a major mechanism for its enzymatic depolymerization (Nakajima-Kambe et al., 1999; Tang et al., 2001a,b; Howard, 2002).”