Stabilization, propagation and instability of tribrachial triple flames

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Toward an understanding of the stabilization mechanisms of lifted turbulent jet flames: Experiments (2007, background): “Later work by Savas and Gollahalli [44] and Lee and Chung [39] discuss further the criteria regarding conditions for a lifted flame to be stable.”
Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame in heated coflow: a chemical explosive mode analysis (2010, background): “…proposed based on the notion of premixed and non-premixed flames (Peters & Williams 1983; Upatnieks et al. 2004; Joedicke, Peters & Mansour 2005; Chung 2007), auto-ignition (Cabra et al. 2002; Markides & Mastorakos 2005) and turbulence–flame interactions (Tacke et al. 1998; Joedicke et al.…”
Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame in heated coflow: flame stabilization and structure (2009, background): “…can be classified as premixed flame theory (e.g. Vanquickenborne & van Tiggelen 1966; Kalghatgi 1984), non-premixed flamelet theory (e.g. Peters & Williams 1983) and edge flame theory (e.g. Muñiz & Mungal 1997; Buckmaster 2002; Upatnieks et al. 2004; Joedicke, Peters & Mansour 2005; Chung 2007).”