Multiple stellar populations in Magellanic Cloud clusters - I. An ordinary feature for intermediate age globulars in the LMC?

By A. Milone, L. Bedin, G. Piotto, Jay Anderson. 2008

197 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Context. The discovery of multiple main sequences (MS) in the massive clusters NGC 2808 and Omega Centauri, along with multiple subgiant branches in NGC 1851 and NGC 6388 has challenged the long-held paradigm that globular clusters consist of simple stellar populations. This evolving picture has been further complicated by recent photometric studies of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) intermediate-age clusters, where the main sequence turn-off (MSTO) was found to be bimodal (NGC 1806 and NGC 1846) or broadened (NGC 1783 and NGC 2173). Aims. We undertook a study of archival HST images of Large and Small Magellanic Cloud clusters with the aim of measuring the frequency of clusters with evidence of multiple or prolonged star formation events and determining their main properties. We found useful images for 53 clusters that cover a wide range of ages. In this paper, we analyse the color-magnitude diagrams (CMD) of sixteen intermediate-age (~1–3 Gyr) LMC clusters. Methods. The data were reduced and the photometry corrected for differential reddening (where required). We find that eleven clusters show an anomalous spread (or split) in colour and magnitude around the MSTO, even though the other main features of the CMD (MS, red giant branch, asymptotic giant branch) are narrow and the horizontal branch (HB) red clump well defined. By using the CMD of the stars in regions that surround the cluster, we demonstrate that the observed feature is unequivocally associated to the clusters. We use artificial-star tests to demonstrate that the spread (or split) is not an artifact due to photometric errors or binaries. Results. We confirm that two clusters (NGC 1806 and NGC 1846) clearly exhibit two distinct MSTOs and observe, for the first time, a double MSTO in NGC 1751. In these three clusters, the population corresponding to the brighter MSTO includes more than two-thirds of the cluster stellar population. We confirm the presence of multiple stellar populations in NGC 1783. Our photometry strongly suggests that the MSTO of this cluster is formed by two distinct branches. In seven clusters (ESO057-SC075, HODGE7, NGC 1852, NGC 1917, NGC 1987, NGC 2108, and NGC 2154), we observed an intrinsic broadening of the MSTO that may suggest that these clusters have experienced a prolonged period of star formation that spans a period between 150 and 250 Myr. The CMDs of IC 2146, NGC 1644, NGC 1652, NGC 1795, and NGC 1978 show no evidence of spread or bimodality within our photometric precision. In summary, 70 ± 25% of our sample are not consistent with the simple, single stellar population hypothesis.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cdfe9df20ab1934604c0963e998e5f83e70a17dc

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In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. E. Carretta
2. R. Gratton
3. A. Bragaglia
4. G. Piotto
5. Jay Anderson
6. A. Milone
7. L. Bedin
8. Aaron Dotter

In Instrumentation

1. E. Carretta
2. R. Gratton
3. A. Bragaglia
4. Jay Anderson
5. G. Piotto
6. A. Milone
7. L. Bedin
8. S. Lucatello

Citations in the corpus

• The two metallicity groups of the globular cluster M 22: a chemical perspective (2011, methodology): “This technique is similar to the ones adopted by Sarajedini et al. (2007) and Milone et al. (2009).”
• Multiple populations in globular clusters (2012, background): “Also debated is the radial distribution of the two subbranches (e.g., Zoccali et al. 2009 and Milone et al. 2009); a more concentrated distribution is expected for the second generation.”
• The Effect of Stellar Rotation on Colour-Magnitude Diagrams: On the apparent presence of multiple populations in intermediate age stellar clusters (2009, background): “Models of cluster CMDs that include rotation can explain the spread observed near the turn-off of intermediate age clusters in the LMC (Mackey & Broby Nielsen 2007; Milone et al. 2009; Goudfrooij et al. 2009).”
• The ACS survey of Galactic globular clusters. XII. Photometric binaries along the main sequence (2011, background): “…& Weinberg 1991, Bolte 1992, Rubenstein & Baylin 1997, Bellazzini et al. 2002, Clark, Sandquist & Bolte 2004, Richer et al. 2004, Zhao & Baylin 2005, Sollima et al. 2007, 2009, Bedin et al. 2008, Milone et al. 2009, 2010, 2011) to study the populations of binaries in individual stellar clusters.”
• Properties of stellar generations in globular clusters and relations with global parameters (2010, background): “Observations of many clusters with multiple turn-off’s in the Magellanic Clouds (Mackey et al. 2008; Milone et al. 2009) might indicate that this effect is not so important; see, however, Bastian & De Mink (2009) for a different interpretation 10 Given the very fast evolutionary lifetimes of FRMS,…”
• Constraining the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase with resolved stellar populations in the Large Magellanic Cloud (2019, background): “Secondly, due to the ‘AGB boosting’ effect (Girardi et al. 2013), there is no guarantee that star counts in Magellanic Clouds’ clusters of ages ∼1.6 Gyr – the approximate age of the most populous ones – are proportional to the lifetime in the TP-AGB phase.”