How cigarette smoke skews immune responses to promote infection, lung disease and cancer

By M. Stämpfli, G. Anderson. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2009

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The head and neck cancer immune landscape and its immunotherapeutic implications. (2016, background): “These data are consistent with prior evidence that tobacco smoking is associated with local immunosuppression and lower levels of cytotoxicity within the immune microenvironment (24).”