Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP.

By L. Baggio, D. J. Drucker. Gastroenterology, 2007

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Cardioprotective and Vasodilatory Actions of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Are Mediated Through Both Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor–Dependent and –Independent Pathways (2008, methodology): “Background—The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is believed to mediate glucoregulatory and cardiovascular effects of the incretin hormone GLP-1(7-36) (GLP-1), which is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) to GLP-1(9-36), a truncated metabolite generally thought to be inactive.”
The Role of Incretins in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes Treatment (2008, background): “The primary physiological stimuli for the secretion of GLP-1 are fat- and carbohydrate-rich meals, but mixed meals or individual nutrients, including glucose and other sugars, sweeteners, fatty acids, amino acids, and dietary fiber, also can stimulate GLP-1 secretion (Baggio and Drucker, 2007).”
Na+-d-glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 is Pivotal for Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Glucose-Dependent Incretin Secretion (2011, background): “SGLT1 is required for elevated systemic blood concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 after gavage with D-glucose.”
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy (2024, background): “34,39,177 The rise in cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which then promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin and inhibits the release of glucagon.”