Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Chromium Compounds in Humans

By Max Costa, C. Klein. 2006

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Removal of toxic chromate using free and immobilized Cr(VI)-reducing bacterial cells of Intrasporangium sp. Q5-1 (2009, background): “Cr(VI) has been placed as a priority pollutant, and classified as a class A human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA; Cieslak-Golonka 1995; Costa and Klein 2006 ).”
A new look at biomedical Ti-based shape memory alloys. (2012, background): “Another 3d transition metal, Cr, has excellent corrosion resistance and extremely low cytotoxicity, but there are concerns over its genotoxicity; while traditionally only Cr (which is not formed via corrosion) was considered carcinogenic [14,21], research has indicated Cr may be genotoxic as a free ”