What are the carbon emissions elasticities for income and population? Bridging STIRPAT and EKC via robust heterogeneous panel estimates

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Assessing the impact of population, income and technology on energy consumption and industrial pollutant emissions in China (2015, background): “The second-generation panel unit root test is valid for both unbalanced panels and panels in which the cross-sectional and time dimensions are of the same order of magnitude [24,53].”
The limits of democracy in tackling climate change (2018, background): “Recent studies, however, only find modest support for the curvilinear relationship between GDP per capita and CO2 emissions, if at all (Galeotti et al. 2006, Liddle 2015).”
Does population have a larger impact on carbon dioxide emissions than income? Evidence from a cross-regional panel analysis in China (2016, background): “Fully comprehending the effects of the changes in income and population on carbon emissions is important to formulate effective climate change policies/negotiations [5].”
Global carbon inequality (2017, result): “The developing countries result is consistent with the literature (see, e.g., Liddle 2015).”