Expansionary fiscal consolidations in Europe: new evidence

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The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy (2012, background): “As for Italy and Germany, there is some evidence of a ‘Non-Keynesian’ multiplier in accordance with the results of Giavazzi and Pagano (1990, 1996), Giudice et al. (2004) and Afonso (2010).”
Fiscal developments and financial stress: a threshold VAR analysis (2017, unknown): “The threshold VAR can be specified as follows: Yt = A (1)Yt +B (1)(L)Yt−1 + (A (2)Yt +B (2)(L)Yt−1)I[st−d > γ] + Ut (1) where Yt is a vector of endogenous variables, I is an indicator function that takes the value of 1 if, in our case, the financial stress is higher than the threshold value γ, and 0”
Fiscal Behaviour in the European Union: Rules, Fiscal Decentralization and Government Indebtedness (2009, background): “5 Hauptmeier, Heipertz and Schuknecht (2007) review cases of fiscal reform in several European countries, stressing the gains of ambitious and comprehensive reforms, notably on the expenditure side of budgets, while Afonso (2008b) studies fiscal consolidation episodes in the EU.”