Rapid droplet mixers for digital microfluidic systems.

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Frontiers of chaotic advection (2014, background): “Examples include the generation of surface-tension gradients, for instance, generated by heating from a laser beam (Grigoriev et al., 2006), or the fine tuning of surface electrowetting induced by microelectrodes (Paik et al., 2003a,b).”
Micromixers—a review (2005, unknown): “In general, droplets can be generated and transported individually using pressure [79] or capillary effects such as thermocapillary [80] and electrowetting [81].”
Active micro-mixers using surface acoustic waves on Y-cut 128° LiNbO3 (2006, background): “Several fluid actuation methods have been demonstrated to enhance the mixing performance, including pneumatic actuation [9–11], electroosmotic actuation [12], dielectrophoretic actuation [13], magnetohydrodynamic actuation [14, 15], electrowetting of droplets [16], pulsed actuation of traverse flows”
Micromixers—a review on passive and active mixing principles (2005, background): “Droplets can be moved via electrowetting which is the change of surface energies by applying electric fields (Palk et al., 2003).”