Pigmentation as a survival strategy for ancient and modern photosynthetic microbes under high ultraviolet stress on planetary surfaces

By D. Wynn-Williams, H. Edwards, E. M. Newton, J. M. Holder. International Journal of Astrobiology, 2002

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Viability of the lichen Xanthoria elegans and its symbionts after 18 months of space exposure and simulated Mars conditions on the ISS (2014, background): “The UV and blue light screening abilities of the secondary metabolite parietin have been discussed by several authors, mainly with respect to UV-B irradiation (e.g. Solhaug & Gauslaa 1996; Wynn-Williams et al. 2002; Nybakken et al. 2004).”
Development of a laser Raman spectrometer for deep-ocean science (2004, background): “It has been reported that Raman spectroscopy can “characterize in situ the molecular components of pigments and other significant organic and inorganic constituents of a microbial community within its lithic habitat” (Wynn-Williams et al., 2002), although achieving this goal on the ocean floor would”
The potential of the lichen symbiosis to cope with extreme conditions of outer space – I. Influence of UV radiation and space vacuum on the vitality of lichen symbiosis and germination capacity (2002, background): “Both species possess a densely structured upper cortex containing high concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds (Wynn-Williams et al. 2002) with the potential to protect them against the intense UV radiation governing their habitat.”