Animal models of pain: progress and challenges

By J. Mogil. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2009

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The Rat Grimace Scale: A partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions (2011, background): “Many believe that the high attrition is due, at least in part, to the poor predictivity of current animal models of pain [1].”
Methods Used to Evaluate Pain Behaviors in Rodents (2017, background): “Pain studies in humans are difficult to perform, are subjective, and are limited by ethical considerations, leading to the widespread use of animals as models to study pain, with the most commonly used species being mice and rats (Mogil, 2009).”
Pain and Emotion: A Biopsychosocial Review of Recent Research (2011, positive): “Rodents both recognize and have their own emotional reactions to the pain of other rodents (Callahan, Gil, Levesque, & Mogil, 2008; Mogil, 2009).”
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase: Regulation, Structure, and Inhibition (2019, background): “Second, it is possible that iNOS inhibition could have real benefits, but the development of pain therapeutics (not exclusive to iNOS) is fraught with failure, in part because of possible assay limitations, and in part because pain is subjective and both affects—and is affected by—other complex beha”