Coral Bleaching: Causes and Mechanisms

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The physiological and molecular responses of larvae from the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis exposed to near-future increases in temperature and pCO2 (2012, methodology): “…(d) were measured by oxygen flux from groups of 6 larvae from each tank (N = 3, 4, 3, and 4 tanks in treatments ATAC, ATHC, HTAC, and HTHC, respectively) pathways of the Symbiodinium (reviewed by Venn et al. 2008; Lesser 2011) and that this cascade may be exacerbated by OA (Anthony et al. 2008).”
The reef coral two compartment proton flux model: A new approach relating tissue-level physiological processes to gross corallum morphology (2011, background): “However, high oxygen tension can lead to oxidative stress and bleaching in corals exposed to abnormally high temperature and/or extremely high solar irradiance (Lesser, 2011).”