Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation

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Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation (2017, methodology): “Building on previous work (Rahmstorf et al., 2015) we use a high-resolution global climate model (Saba et al.”
Tipping elements and climate–economic shocks: Pathways toward integrated assessment (2016, background): “…AMOC may be an important factor contributing to the “warming hole” over the subpolar North Atlantic [Drijfhout et al., 2012; Woollings et al., 2012b; Rahmstorf et al., 2015], where the surface temperature displays a cooling trend that contrasts with the global warming trend [Rahmstorf et al.,…”
Drivers of exceptionally cold North Atlantic Ocean temperatures and their link to the 2015 European heat wave (2016, background): “This cooling has been linked to a potential decline in the AMOC (Drijfhout et al 2012, Smeed et al 2014, Rahmstorf et al 2015) and also to the effect of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation which in recent years has been changing from a positive (anomalously warm North Atlantic) to a negative…”
Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review (2016, background): “…include sea level from altimetry [Häkkinen, 2001; Lorbacher et al., 2010; Ivchenko et al., 2011] or tide gauges [Bingham and Hughes, 2009], SST [Latif et al., 2004, 2006; Dima and Lohmann, 2010; Rahmstorf et al., 2015], and ocean temperature anomalies [Zhang, 2008, 2010a; Mahajan et al., 2011].”