Major Characteristics of Southern Ocean Cloud Regimes and Their Effects on the Energy Budget

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A global survey of cloud overlap based on CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements (2015, background): “…coexist with boundary layer clouds 433 (e.g., As+St/Sc and High+St/Sc) over the Southern Ocean; thus, mid-atmosphere 434 cloudiness is overestimated by ISCCP and is partially responsible for the TOA 435 shortwave radiation bias in the climate models over this region (Haynes et al., 2011).”
On the Representation of High-Latitude Boundary Layer Mixed-Phase Cloud in the ECMWF Global Model (2014, background): “The observations show that boundary layer clouds are the most common cloud type and dominate the cloud-radiative effect in the Southern Ocean region (Mace 2010; Verlinden et al. 2011; Haynes et al. 2011).”
The Transpose-AMIP II Experiment and Its Application to the Understanding of Southern Ocean Cloud Biases in Climate Models (2012, background): “More recently, detailed studies into the climatological structure and distribution of clouds over the Southern Ocean, and their evaluation in a particular GCM, have been carried out by Haynes et al. (2011) and Bodas-Salcedo et al. (2012).”