Graphene phytotoxicity in the seedling stage of cabbage, tomato, red spinach, and lettuce

By Parvin Begum, Refi Ikhtiari, Bunshi Fugetsu. 2011

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Carbon nanomaterials: production, impact on plant development, agricultural and environmental applications (2016, background): “lycopersicum) seedlings [175] and of MWCNTs associated with red spinach (A.”
An overview on manufactured nanoparticles in plants: Uptake, translocation, accumulation and phytotoxicity. (2017, background): “Toxicological impact in 268 plants, due to exposure of nanoparticles and heavy metals can be studied by estimating ROS 269 (Nair et al., 2010; Begum et al., 2011; Sharma et al., 2012; Rico et al., 2013a, b).”
Chemistry, Biochemistry of Nanoparticles, and Their Role in Antioxidant Defense System in Plants (2015, background): “Begum et al. (2011) performed toxicity study in cabbage, tomato, and red spinach exposed to graphene (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/L) for 20 days.”
Interactions between engineered nanomaterials and agricultural crops: implications for food safety (2014, background): “Conflicting data in the literature are common for carbon-based ENMs such as graphene, SWCNTs, and MWCNTs (Canas et al., 2008; Begum et al., 2011; Miralles et al., 2012a).”
Effects of graphene on seed germination and seedling growth (2015, background): “reported that the number and size of leaves of the graphene-treated cabbage, tomato, and red spinach were reduced, which are associated with increased ROS and cell death as well as visible symptoms of necrotic lesions (Begurn et al. 2011).”