Influence of the Tropics on the Southern Annular Mode

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Persistent Extratropical Regimes and Climate Extremes (2015, background): “[66] found that a portion of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) appears to be associated with a Rossby wave train triggered in the tropical South-Eastern Pacific.”
The Teleconnection of El Niño Southern Oscillation to the Stratosphere (2019, background): “ENSO explains roughly 25% of SAM variability in austral summer but less in austral winter (L’Heureux & Thompson, 2006), though the exact seasonality and impact depends on the origin of the tropical Rossby wave train (Q. Ding et al., 2012; X. Li et al., 2015).”
The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere (2020, background): “…sea surface temperature (SST) variability, the SAM shares connections with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other patterns of tropical variability (Clem & Fogt, 2013; Ding et al., 2011, 2012; Fogt et al., 2011; Fogt & Bromwich, 2006; L’Heureux & Thompson, 2006; Wilson et al., 2016) .”