Efflorescence control in geopolymer binders based on natural pozzolan

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Synthesis and strength optimization of one-part geopolymer based on red mud (2016, background): “Associated processes such as carbonation, and efflorescence would also cause degradation of the matrices and undermine the strength of geopolymer [24,28].”
Durability of alkali-activated binders: A clear advantage over Portland cement or an unproven issue? (2012, background): “[70] showed that efflorescences can be reduced either by the addition of alumina-rich admixtures or by hydrothermal curing at temperatures of 65 C or higher.”
The Durability of Alkali-Activated Materials in Comparison with Ordinary Portland Cements and Concretes: A Review (2020, background): “[121] pointed out that when the concrete column touched damp soil at the bottom, water migrated to the surface of the concrete through capillary action and evaporated, and soluble alkali dissolved, reacted with CO2 from the air, and eventually precipitated on the surface of the concrete with water e”