Vitamin C physiology: the known and the unknown and Goldilocks
By S. Padayatty, M. Levine. Oral Diseases, 2016
630 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), the antiscorbutic vitamin, cannot be synthesized by humans and other primates, and has to be obtained from diet. Ascorbic acid is an electron donor and acts as a cofactor for fifteen mammalian enzymes. Two sodium-dependent transporters are specific for ascorbic acid, and its oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid is transported by glucose transporters. Ascorbic acid is differentially accumulated by most tissues and body fluids. Plasma and tissue vitamin C concentrations are dependent on amount consumed, bioavailability, renal excretion, and utilization. To be biologically meaningful or to be clinically relevant, in vitro and in vivo studies of vitamin C actions have to take into account physiologic concentrations of the vitamin. In this paper, we review vitamin C physiology; the many phenomena involving vitamin C where new knowledge has accrued or where understanding remains limited; raise questions about the vitamin that remain to be answered; and explore lines of investigations that are likely to be fruitful.
Subfields: Nutrition and Dietetics
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ca27091e7749144d5af85427b1efacadc5d50e3b
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In Nutrition and Dietetics
Citations in the corpus
- A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection (2020, background): “As useful as these reference values are to those planning and assessing nutrient intakes, the scarcity of data means that it is not currently possible to give an indication of the levels required to optimize immune protection and resistance to infection [144].”
- Oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants: potential crosstalk in the pathophysiology of human diseases (2023, background): “They can donate electrons to those free radicals and scavenge their reactivity (Padayatty and Levine, 2016).”
- Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants (2024, background): “The safe upper limit for ascorbate is 2000 mg/day (Padayatty et al. 2016).”