Laser-induced plasma expansion: theoretical and experimental aspects

By M. Capitelli, A. Casavola, G. Colonna, A. Giacomo. 2004

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Effect of laser parameters on laser ablation and laser-induced plasma formation: A numerical modeling investigation (2005, background): “Most of these papers, however, show density values in the range of 7 10(17)–7 10(18) cm 3 (or 7 10(23)–7 10(24) m (3)) for a laser irradiance in the order of 4 10(8)–10(10) W/cm(2) [22,23,47,57,65,66], hence somewhat lower than our presented calculation results.”
Experimental and theoretical comparison of single-pulse and double-pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy on metallic samples (2008, background): “The most important questions concern the fluid-dynamics [6,7], the transport of radiation [8,9], the deviations from equilibrium [10–12], the chemical reactivity [13] and the ablationmechanisms [14–16].”
Comparison of optical emission from nanosecond and femtosecond laser produced plasma in atmosphere and vacuum conditions (2013, background): “This is due to the free expansion in vacuum rather than confinement of the plume by the ambient environment, as expansion, along with recombination of electrons and ions, are the dominant causes of decreasing electron density [23,36,37].”
Measurement of electron density utilizing the Hα-line from laser produced plasma in air (2006, background): “The latter is more complex, since plasma homogeneity and local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) need to be fulfilled [19–23].”