Male voices and perceived sexual orientation: An experimental and theoretical approach

By Ron Smyth, Greg Jacobs, H. Rogers. Language in society, 2003

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Categories, stereotypes, and the linguistic perception of sexuality (2014, unknown): “A similar context effect was found in Smyth, Jacobs, & Rogers (2003).”
Hegemonic masculinity and the variability of gay-sounding speech: The perceived sexuality of transgender men (2013, methodology): “…frequency (or F0) of American English speaking men is typically pegged at 100–120 Hz, and women’s at 200–220 Hz, the mean pitch of gay and straight men has not been found to differ significantly between these groups (Gaudio 1994, Linville 1998, Munson 2007, Smyth et al. 2003, Zimman 2010).”
Phonation type as a stylistic variable : The use of falsetto in constructing a persona (2007, methodology): “The value of the controlled experimental design of laboratory studies cannot be denied, particularly with regard to the careful execution and experimental rigor characterizing the study by Smyth, Jacobs, and Rogers (2003).”
Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50 ms (2008, background): “To date, limited evidence has suggested that sexual orientation can be accurately discerned from thin slices, or brief observations of dynamic nonverbal behavior (as short as 1000 ms; Ambady, Hallahan, & Conner, 1999), and paralinguistic cues from the voice (e.g., Gaudio, 1994; Smyth, Jacobs, & Rog”