Controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by starch/polyvinyl alcohol coating

By Xiaozhao Han, Sensen Chen, Xianguo Hu. 2009

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On the preparation and swelling properties of hydrogel nanocomposite based on Sodium alginate-g-Poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/Clinoptilolite and its application as slow release fertilizer (2014, background): “The majority of hydrogels are made from synthetic hydrophilic polymers such as poly (acrylic acid) or its copolymer with poly (acrylamide) [10, 11] while the demand for using natural hydrogels such as starch [12, 13], chitosan [14], and alginate [15] as fertilizer carriers, due to their biodegradabi”
Coating materials for slow release of nitrogen from urea fertilizer: a review (2020, background): “…it can be blended with other suitable substances to impart slow release characteristics to urea fertilizer and control nitrogen release into soil (Anggoro 2011; Niu and Li 2012; Chen et al. 2008; Han, Chen, and Hu 2009; Riyajan, Sasithornsonti, and Phinyocheep 2012; Ariyanti, Man, and Bustam 2012).”
A comprehensive review on biodegradable polymers and their blends used in controlled-release fertilizer processes (2015, background): “In mixed blends of starch/polysulfone (Tomaszewska and Jarosiewicz 2004), starch/PVA (Han et al. 2009), starch/PU (Ge et al.”
Review on materials & methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer. (2014, background): “Since starch is hydrophilic, it cannot be used as a coating material on its own for CRCU preparations and requires blending with other materials for effective utilization [37,59–63].”