An operating cost of learning in Drosophila melanogaster

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Adaptation, Genetic Drift, Pleiotropy, and History in the Evolution of Bee Foraging Behavior (2006, background): “compromise the fitness returns of a second trait (Mery and Kawecki, 2004), then this could produce a trade off between learning speed and this other trait.”
The effect of learning and search images on predator–prey interactions (2009, unknown): “Laboratory experiments with Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated a trade-off between learning ability and fitness components, including productivity and competitive ability (Mery and Kawecki 2003, 2004).”
From Molecules to Management: Mechanisms and Consequences of Locust Phase Polyphenism (2017, background): “Although the ability to learn confers fitness advantages (Dukas, 2008a,b), it can also incur substantial costs (Mery and Kawecki, 2004, 2005).”
Behavioral evolution in the major worker subcaste of twig-nesting Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): does morphological specialization influence task plasticity? (2009, background): “Maintenance of learning ability has also been shown to decrease the competitive ability of Drosophilia larva (Mery and Kawecki 2003; Mery and Kawecki 2004).”