Any animal whatever. Darwinian building blocks of morality in monkeys and apes

By J. Flack, F. D. de Waal. 2000

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Nonhuman Species’ Reactions to Inequity and their Implications for Fairness (2006, background): “In behavioral economics, it is often referred to as inequity aversion, and the bulk of research relates to how humans respond to situations involving division of cash (e.g. Camerer, 2003).”
Cost–benefit analysis of social/cultural learning in a nonstationary uncertain environment: An evolutionary simulation and an experiment with human subjects (2002, background): “A prime example is a system of reciprocal exchange (e.g., Axelrod, 1984; Trivers, 1971; Wilkinson, 1984) and sharing of resources such as food (e.g., Flack & de Waal, 2000; Kameda, Takezawa, & Hastie, in press; Kameda, Takezawa, Tindale, & Smith, 2002; Kaplan & Hill, 1985).”
The Many Faces of Empathy: Parsing Empathic Phenomena through a Proximate, Dynamic-Systems View of Representing the Other in the Self (2012, unknown): “In contrast, researchers who explicitly argue that self–other overlap is necessary do not define self– other overlap as necessarily conscious or highly aversive, but rather as a conceptual merging, a “oneness” or intersubjectivity that can be abstract, affective, or even mildly aversive, but not to…”
Moral competence in social robots (2014, background): “Some rudimentary moral capacities may operate without language, such as the recognition of prototypically prosocial and antisocial actions [17] or foundations for moral action in empathy and reciprocity [18].”