The composition and structure of the Enceladus plume

By C. Hansen, D. Shemansky, L. Esposito, A. Stewart, B. Lewis, J. Colwell, A. Hendrix, Robert West, J. Waite, B. Teolis and 1 more. 2011

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HOW THE GEYSERS, TIDAL STRESSES, AND THERMAL EMISSION ACROSS THE SOUTH POLAR TERRAIN OF ENCELADUS ARE RELATED (2014, methodology): “However, it is important to note that the majority of the vapor observed by the Cassini UVIS as well as particles coming from Enceladus observed by the CDA, point to a source of material broadly distributed across the SPT (Hansen et al. 2011; Postberg et al 2011).”
The pH of Enceladus’ ocean (2015, background): “…amounts of ice in the plume seems unlikely because there would not be enough collisions to nucleate ice in the dilute plume (Schmidt et al., 2008; Hansen et al., 2011), although some ice in the form of nanograins (Jones et al., 2009) may condense at the base of the plume where sufficient…”
Enceladus: An Active Ice World in the Saturn System (2013, background): “Estimated vent production rates from Enceladus are ∼200 kg s−1 for the gas (Hansen et al. 2011) and up to ∼50 kg s−1 for the dust (Ingersoll & Ewald 2011).”
Enceladus's measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean (2015, background): “…from active melting, most notably the finding that the particulates in the jets are salty, indicating freezing of droplets that likely originate in a liquid reservoir in contact with a rocky core (Waite et al., 2009; Hansen et al., 2011; Postberg et al., 2011; Porco et al., 2014; Hsu et al., 2015).”