Medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances detected with dense and wide TEC maps over North America

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Midlatitude Plasma Bubbles Over China and Adjacent Areas During a Magnetic Storm on 8 September 2017 (2018, background): “, 2017; Ma & Maruyama, 2006) or generated due to the atmospheric gravity waves and/or coupling between Perkins and sporadic E (Es) layer instabilities, which will manifest in the form of TID (e.g., Li, Ning, Zhao, et al., 2009; Shiokawa et al., 2002, 2003; Tsugawa et al., 2007).”
GPS observations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Europe (2011, methodology): “This smoothing technique is the same as that applied to the TEC data in North America by Tsugawa et al. (2007).”
Concentric waves and short‐period oscillations observed in the ionosphere after the 2013 Moore EF5 tornado (2013, background): “These concentric waves appeared to propagate for more than 7 h over North America.”
Ionospheric Bow Waves and Perturbations Induced by the 21 August 2017 Solar Eclipse (2017, background): “TIDs with a wide range of periods, amplitudes, and propagation directions are regularly seen in ionospheric observations and particularly in GNSS TEC data (Azeem et al., 2015; Ding et al., 2007; Saito et al., 1998; Tsugawa et al., 2007).”