Energy down the drain: the hidden costs of California's water supply

By Ronnie Cohen, G. Wolff, B. Nelson. 2004

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Is there a water-energy nexus in electricity generation? Long-term scenarios for the western United States (2013, background): “…/j.enpol.2013.03.027i northern California is pumped hundreds of miles, over mountains 2000 feet high, to reach southern California; the energy used to deliver water to a household in southern California is equal to one-third of the region's average household electricity use (Cohen et al., 2004).”
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Complex Global Challenges (2015, background): “Simultaneously, but once again in relative isolation from groundwater-electricity linkages, the converse resource dependence of water demands for energy generation were emerging under the nexus banner in the Western U.S. (Lofman et al. 2002; Government Accountability Office 2009; Sovacool and Sovaco”