Impact of GDL structure and wettability on water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

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Liquid water transport in a mixed-wet gas diffusion layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (2008, background): “While considerable research efforts, both numerical and experimental (Wang, 2004; Sinha et al., 2007), have been expended to delineate liquid water transport in a PEFC GDL and its effect on PEFC performance, the present theoretical understanding of liquid water transport is limited to a GDL with hom”
Pore-scale flow and mass transport in gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with interdigitated flow fields (2012, methodology): “Liquid water transport mechanism is capillary fingering in the GDL of PEMFC with parallel flow field where capillary force dominates liquid water transport [22,28].”
Lattice Boltzmann methods for multiphase flow and phase-change heat transfer (2015, methodology): “Moreover, the difference of the liquid water distribution between a hydrophobic GDL and a mixed wettability GDL has also been studied [74].”
Lattice Boltzmann method for microfluidics: models and applications (2011, background): “Multiphase flows in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells have also been studied extensively using multiphase LBM models with the surface wettability effect considered (Niu et al. 2007; Sinha et al. 2007; Koido et al. 2008; Tabe et al. 2009; Tomiyasu and Inamuro 2009) (Fig.”