PREDATOR HANDLING FAILURES OF LATERAL PLATE MORPHS IN GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ANCESTRAL PLATE CONDITION

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Ecological opportunity and levels of morphological variance within freshwater stickleback populations (2005, background): “Conversely, populations in small lakes are generally subject to reduced levels of vertebrate predation, resulting in relaxed selection on lateral plates and spine morphology (Moodie & Reimchen, 1976; Reimchen, 1994, 2000).”
Stickleback research: the now and the next (2013, background): “Given these complications, inferences from field surveys should be coupled with functional analyses of specific traits (Reimchen, 1992, 1994, 2000), as well as experimental manipulations of putative selective agents.”
Behavioural differences between individuals and two populations of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) (2004, background): “Navarro fish have extensive armouring in the form of lateral plates along the sides of their bodies, an effective morphological defence against toothed predators (Reimchen, 1994, 2000), whereas Putah fish have few lateral plates.”
Do faster starts increase the probability of evading predators (2005, background): “Animals avoid predation by many mechanisms, including behaviours that minimize encounters or attacks (Lima & Dill 1990), morphologies or behaviours that allow the successful evasion from an attack or extended chase (Webb 1977; McPeek et al . 1996; Van Buskirk & McCollum 2000), or morphologies that a”