Payment by results and social impact bonds in the criminal justice sector: New challenges for the concept of evidence-based policy?

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Cost of crime: A systematic review (2015, background): “The payment by performance model would require valuation of reoffending outcomes that are being evaluated for investors to determine the rate of return on their investment (Fox and Albertson, 2011).”
[Accepted Manuscript] Narratives of Promise, Narratives of Caution: A Review of the Literature on Social Impact Bonds (2016, background): “The focus on measurement also raises significant questions about the attribution of outcomes to the actions of providers and financiers, and how any ‘SIB effect’ can adequately be interpreted and validated (Fox and Albertson, 2011; Fitzgerald, 2013; McHugh et al, 2013; Sinclair et al, 2014).”
Social Impact Bonds: The Role of Private Capital in Outcome-Based Commissioning (2017, background): “In many respects, SIBs fall within the broad gamut of outcome-based commissioning (Fox and Albertson, 2011: 356).”